Rory

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In another thread - as well as here - we've been talking again about recreating the Bedford Levels Experiment. A lot of new and useful information has come out: both about the previous experiments, and where they took place, as well as with regard to carrying out a definitive version.

This is my attempt to pull all that together and (hopefully) actually do it, in the summer of 2018 (date to be confirmed).

Note: I went a bit overboard with it, and it got very long. So here's the TL;DR:
  • The Old Bedford River, as well as being famous in flat earth circles, is probably the UK's longest stretch of straight, uninterrupted, near inert water
  • This makes it an excellent place for measuring the shape of the Earth, given that the surface of inert or near inert water conforms to the shape of the planet
  • Observing three targets placed at the same height above the surface of the water will reveal and confirm that shape
  • If the targets all appear to be at the same height, as in Fig. 7, the surface of the river is flat
  • If the middle target appears higher than the near and far target, as in Fig. 9, the surface of the river is curved
  • Neither of these statements is interchangeable: i.e., if the surface of the river is curved, the three targets can never appear at the same height; and if the surface of the river is flat, the middle target can never appear above the other two (dramatic, unusual, and temporary atmospheric effects notwithstanding)
  • The experiment, therefore, is conclusive
Or, in an even smaller nutshell, this is what flat earth theory predicts:

headonflat.JPG

And this is what round earth theory predicts:

headoncurve.JPG

And never the twain shall meet.



Recreating the Bedford Level Experiment - Proposal

1. A brief history


The Old Bedford River in Cambridgeshire, England has a special place in Flat Earth folklore: it was here, in 1838, that Samuel Rowbotham - the father of modern flat earthism - carried out a series of experiments that he believed proved the earth was flat.

Unfortunately, most of his experiments have been invalidated due to the proximity of his telescope to the surface of the river, where the effects of refraction are strongest.

He did devise one experiment, however, which appears sound in its methodology:

exp2.JPG
Fig 1. Samuel Rowbotham's 'Experiment 2'

This experiment is basically the same as that carried out by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1870 - equally famous in folklore - although Wallace's experiment used only two markers: a target placed three miles along the river, and a sheet on a bridge, six miles distant, with both those targets and the observer - on another bridge - situated about 14 feet above the water:

wall1.jpg
Fig 2. Alfred Wallace's experiment

The view obtained through his telescope appeared to show that the middle target was indeed raised on an apparent "hump of water":


Fig 3. Wallace's observation

Unsurprisingly, both men felt that the results of their experiments supported their own model, while there were problems with both the other man's model and his conclusion.

Notes on these experiments:
  • Rowbotham's experiment had an observer at 5 feet above the water; this may not have been enough to sufficiently escape the effects of refraction
  • As noted by Mick West, Rowbotham only says that his "line of sight fell on the lower part of the larger flag", and not that "it ran across the tops of all the smaller flags"
  • There was no independent verification of his experiment
  • Wallace, meanwhile suffers from a lack of targets in between the observer and the distant bridge: not only could he have obtained the same view, were the surface of the river flat, if his telescope was somewhat lower than the height of the two targets, but multiple targets make the conclusion all the more clear
Other experiments on the Old Bedford were carried out in later years, most notably by Henry Yule Oldham (1901) and (on behalf of) Elizabeth Blount (1904) - again, with both sides finding evidence to support their own chosen model. The problem with Blount's experiment appears, once more, to have been one of refraction; while Oldham's only issue for the present day researcher, having used more targets than Wallace, is merely one of not being recorded by either photograph or video.

In more recent days, a group of modern flat earthers attempted to recreate Rowbotham's original experiment, but failed to show anything of note.

(This is a brief and extremely simplified history: here and here would be good places to start, for more details.)


2. Why the Old Bedford River?

As well as its fame in flat earth circles, the stretch of the Old Bedford River around Welney is probably the longest straight section of uninterrupted inert/near inert water in the UK: a distance of 5.85 miles from the road bridge at Salters Lode (52.5876, 0.3389) to the sluice at Welney (52.521, 0.2527).

Also, it is easily accessible, and the shallow depth of the water, as well as the ability for interested parties to examine the equipment and make their own measurements, makes it a good spot for interactive experimentation.

Note: the section southwest of Welney, towards Welches Dam, which Rowbotham used for several experiments, is also around 6 miles long, but isn't quite as straight; has more trees growing over it; and is now crossed by a railway bridge 3.4 miles from Welney.

Use this link to view a straight line along the full 12-mile stretch.


3. Proposal for a new experiment

Rowbotham's original concept of his 'Experiment 2' is sound; but to improve on the results the observer and the targets should be raised higher, thereby diminishing the effects of refraction.

Also, to best relate the results to a modern audience, the experiment should be recorded with photographs and video.

To begin, the following criteria are established:

a) Inert or near inert water "seeks its own level"
b) The shape of the surface of a body of inert or near inert water conforms to the shape of the Earth
c) The water in the Old Bedford River is "near inert"
d) The shape of the surface of the water in the Old Bedford River, therefore, conforms to the shape of the Earth
e) Targets placed parallel to the surface of the Old Bedford River will conform to the shape of the river
f) These same targets, then, conform to the shape of the earth
g) Measuring these targets will reveal the shape of the earth​


4. Methodology

a) The observation points

The sluice gate at Welney, with accessible viewing platform:


Fig 4. Sluice gate at Welney, looking southwest

The road bridge at Salters Lode:

salters lode.JPG
Fig 5. Unnamed road bridge at Salters Lode, immediately southwest of the 'Old Bedford Sluice'

As the road bridge provides both greater accessibility and elevation above the river, it is proposed that this be the observation bridge - though, if possible, as Wallace did in 1870, observations could be taken from both points.

b) The targets

We will endeavour to place at least three targets a minimum of 10 feet above the water level, and ideally at least 13 feet above the water level, spaced at perhaps 0.1, 2.9, and 5.7 miles from the observer.

The targets will each be placed on top of straight poles sitting perpendicular to the water. For the poles, plastic plumbing pipes have been suggested, such as these 3-metre-long drainage pipes, whose 110mm diameter should provide the necessary stiffness to ensure they remain upright and plumb:

pipe1.JPG
Fig 6. Drain pipe

To achieve the necessary height, the pipes will either be joined together, or smaller (also stiff) pipes inserted into them, in order to extend them.

The pipes themselves will be painted in stripes 12 inches deep, for easy reference, and to verify that the pipes are all identical.

The targets should measure at least 3 feet high and 3 feet wide - whether circular, rectangular, or square - so as to be visible from distance.

Both the road bridge at Salters Lode, and the sluice at Welney, being of measurable heights, can also be used as additional targets.

c) Observation

A Nikon Coolpix P900 should do the trick. Telescopes are also welcome. And if we're lucky with the weather, the naked eye may even suffice.


5. Predictions

Rowbotham's diagrams in the brief history show that different shapes for the surface of the river will produce different results in observation.

For example, if the surface of the river is flat, for an observer at the same height as the targets, all the centres of the targets will appear aligned, like so:

headonflat.JPG
Fig 7. Predicted observation for a flat river (camera at same height as targets)

This cannot happen if the surface of the river is curved, even if the camera/observer is raised, lowered, or tilted. If the surface of the river is curved, for an observer at the same height as the targets, the view will appear like this:

headoncurve2.JPG
Fig 8. Predicted observation for a convexly curved rived (camera at same height as targets)

Similarly, if the surface of the river is curved, for an observer situated around 6 inches higher than the height of the targets, the middle target will appear higher than the other two:

headoncurve.JPG
Fig 9. Predicted observation for convexly curved river (camera raised slightly higher than targets)

And, likewise, this cannot happen if the surface of the river is flat, even if the camera/observer is raised, lowered, or tilted.

This is demonstrated in the 'scale model' video below:



Screenshots:

screenshot1.JPG
Fig 10. Flat board showing targets aligned

screenshot2.JPG
Fig 11. Curved board showing middle target raised higher (note how it's not possible to tell that the board is curved with the naked eye)

These two mutually exclusive outcomes are one of the simplest ways to confirm the result of the experiment.

To summarise:
  • If an image can be obtained of the three targets in alignment, as in Figures 7 & 10, the surface of the river is flat
  • If an image can be obtained of the middle target raised higher than both the near and far targets, as in Figures 9 & 11, the surface of the river is curved
Other predictions:
  • If the surface of the river is flat, the observer will be looking neither up nor down at the targets, but perpendicular to local down (i.e., at 0 degrees, or what is colloquially known as "eye level")
  • If the surface of the river is curved, the observer will be looking down to the middle target at an angle of 0.0211°, and to the distant target at an angle of 0.0423°
  • As the camera nears the surface of the river, the effects of refraction will enable more of the lower part of the distant pole to be viewed than a curvature calculator predicts

6. Further notes

  • Tilting the camera does nothing to alter the apparents heights of the three targets, but merely changes their position, as a group, in the frame
  • Raising and lowering the camera - as demonstrated in the scale model video above - changes the apparent height order of the targets in the frame, but cannot render the arrangements shown in Figures 7, 9, 10, and 11 true for the opposing model
  • Varying levels of refraction are to be expected. For this reason, observations should be made over the course of several days, at different times of day
  • Ideally, observations will also be taken at varying heights, including as close to the water as possible, with measurements being made possible by the 1-foot stripes on the poles. This allows not allowing the recreation of Rowbotham's original "Experiment 1", but also shows how refraction changes what is seen as the camera moves closer to the water
  • If possible, a mechanism which allows the camera to 'slide' up and down, between the 13 to 14-foot viewpoint and close to the water will be constructed, allowing for continuous filming of the various elevations above the river
  • The same kind of observation has been done at Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana by YouTube user Soundly. Instead of placing his own targets, he uses marks or structures that are known to be equidistant above the water, such as on the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, or transmission towers:


soundly.png



7. In conclusion

Any questions? Any suggestions for improvements? Any feedback from those who doubt that this experiment will demonstrate the shape of the earth's surface?

Obviously Soundly's already done that - but Bedford Levels certainly has its advantages, in terms of allowing all-comers to be involved and take a hands on approach, as well as the considerable historical context.

Feel free to share this with all who may be interested. Perhaps the UK flat earth believers can make the trip to the Cambridgeshire Fens again. Collaborative investigation and discussion would certainly be welcome.

Cheers! :)
 
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Very good. Details, the Welney gate platform is only about 9 feet high at waist height. The Salter's lode bridge would be higher, i.e. same height as Welney bridge.

An alternative would be a view from the NW side, in fact the same side the Wallace experiment took place, or ask EA for the sluice to be lowered temporarily.

I love the idea of recreating a historical experiment.
 
It all looks very promising. On the methods, I note that Wallace used both a telescope and a surveyor's level, the latter at the insistence of the flat-earthers. Theodolites etc. can be hired, see surveyequipment.com/hire/ I'd be happy to chip in if it is decided to use one. Of course they do require more prior practice than a telescope.

I agree that the OBR is probably the longest stretch of suitable water in the UK. I haven't been able to find anything as good elsewhere in the Fens. Wallace originally proposed to use Lake Bala in Wales, but that is not as long. Loch Ness in Scotland and Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland are both inland water bodies with much longer uninterrupted lines of sight (around 20 miles), but for other reasons they are not suitable for Wallace-type experiments, being too deep and probably too wavy. I mention them because they could be useful for other observations, e.g. the distance at which boats go over the horizon.
 
On the methods, I note that Wallace used both a telescope and a surveyor's level, the latter at the insistence of the flat-earthers.

I would suggest not, as the theodolite and the crosshair were the fundamental source of confusion. The telescope is enough, as Wallace pointed out.
 
The theodolite could be used to show that the targets are located increasingly below the horizontal (i.e., below eye level).

But the main point is showing whether the middle target is raised or not: anything in addition to that is really 'bonus material'.
 
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I highly recommend local trial setups and tests before traveling long distance to the site. Try out your pole mounting system in a muddy creek bed and hard surface or whatever conditions may be expected. Is it easily adjustable for vertical and resistant to wind? Also set up your targets at the full distances to check if they're big enough and have high enough contrast for your video camera. Six miles is a very long way to spot a small target. Even if you don't have a suitable body of water, maybe try lining up some targets at the full distance to see how hard it is. Jeranism had difficulty with that on his 3 mile stretch of canal. Refraction may make the experiments inconclusive or confusing, as was sort of the case at the rainy lake experiment. One flaw of the Rainy Lake experiment was that the targets were staggered left to right, not in order of distance. This made the result less visually obvious.
 
I shall be going up to Downham Market later this year to have a scout around, and will report back. As I pointed out in another thread, the 3 mile mid point is accessible by vehicle, not sure about any other points.

The absolutely key thing is to agree on what is predicted by each theory (see Rory's mock up above). Rory has posted the different predictions on another website, no reply from Flat earthers.

The failure of Wallace's experiment lay precisely in that. Both agreed what was seen after the event, but both thought each of the theories predicted it.

The theodolite could be used to show that the targets are located increasingly below the horizontal (i.e., below eye level).

But the main point is showing whether the middle target is raised or not: anything in addition to that is really 'bonus material'.
Precisely.
 
Did you go?
Is this still ongoing?
I live near The Old Bedford River and am happy to help out if required. I would like to see this happen. My sister has recently become a flat earther and needs help to either prove or disprove this notion.

I also know a lot of plane enthusiasts that have huge camera lenses if they might be useful.
 
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