The Uniqueness of the WTC7 Collapse

Moment Resisting Frames in action.

Lessons from Steel Buildings Damaged by the Northridge Earthquake

This paper reviews the performance of steel buildings during the Northridge earthquake and the implications for design practice. Some of the results of studies undertaken as part of a project initiated by U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to reduce the earthquake hazards posed by steel moment-resisting frame buildings. The objective of this project is to develop and verify reliable and cost-effective methods for the inspection, evaluation, repair, and rehabilitation of existing steel frame buildings and for the construction of new ones.

http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/~bruneau/EEES 2000 Tsai Hsiao Bruneau.pdf
Damage of the Structural Steel
Buildings
In Taiwan, most of the steel buildings
are constructed in the last ten years.
Steel frame structural systems are quite
common for buildings taller than 25
stories. In order to cost-effectively
satisfy the seismic and wind
forces
requirements, moment resisting frames
(
MRFs) coupled with concentrically or
eccentrically braced frame (EBF) dual
system are rather popular. In these steel
buildings, most of the beams are built-up
wide flange sections using the A36 or
A572 grade 50 steel while the columns
are built-up box sections using the A572
grade 50 steel. In most of the cases,
moment connections were made for each
beam-to-column joint. Most of the
beam-to-column connections adopt
bolted web and welded flanges details in
which run off tabs and backings are left in
place after the flange welds. In some of
these connections, the beam web was
welded to the shear tab. The most
common welding procedures adopted in
the field practice are SMAW using E7016
electrode. In some cases, FCAW proc
e
-
dures have been employed in the field
using E70T-7 NR311 electrodes.
In
Taichung City, about 50km nort
h
-
west of the epicenter where the recorded
peak ground accelerations obtained from
the main shock range between 0.2 and
0.3g. Several tall steel buildings have
been constructed in the past decade.
During the 921 Chi-Chi earthquake, there
were two steel buildings, one 14-story
(MRF) department store and one 45-story
(MRF/EBF dual system) office/hotel
tower under construction. Before the
earthquake, most of the steel works in
these two building have been completed
and the concrete slabs were poured.
However, fire proofing, window walls and
partitions were not installed yet and all
the steel beam-to-column joints were still
visible following the earthquake.
Noted
that the 14-strory building adopted the
typical details described above and the
45-story structure employed reduced
beam sections with the radius cut details.
Detailed inspections conducted for these
two buildings following the earthquake
indicate no apparent connection damages.
Except the collapse of a few old light metal
structures, damage to steel buildings had
not been reported at the time of this
writing.
 
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Moment Resisting Frames in action.

Lessons from Steel Buildings Damaged by the Northridge Earthquake

This paper reviews the performance of steel buildings during the Northridge earthquake and the implications for design practice. Some of the results of studies undertaken as part of a project initiated by U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to reduce the earthquake hazards posed by steel moment-resisting frame buildings. The objective of this project is to develop and verify reliable and cost-effective methods for the inspection, evaluation, repair, and rehabilitation of existing steel frame buildings and for the construction of new ones.

http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/~bruneau/EEES 2000 Tsai Hsiao Bruneau.pdf

Interesting, but what's the relevance here? The interior of WTC7 was not a moment resisting frame.
 
There's no building design at all where (for a tall building) if the interior collapsed, then the exterior would be stable.

WTC7 was not designed to withstand earthquakes. Only the exterior was moment resisting, for wind resistance.
http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2235
Earthquake-resistant building codes were not introduced to New York City until 1995, and are not in effect at all in many other communities.
Content from External Source
The non-moment-resisting internal frame is another way that WTC7 differs from some of the other similar looking building fires, like the One Meridian Plaza fire in Los Angeles (which has had very Earthquake specific building codes for a long time).
The MRF may not have been designed specifically for earthquakes, but it does the same job, i.e.
inelastic deformations are allowed to take place in some critically stressed
elements. Similar to seismic design, structural members and joints of moment resisting
frames must be properly designed and detailed to satisfy sufficient levels of deformability
in order to survive blast load effects without collapse.

There is no suggestion that in the event of a failure 'they must collapse straight down'. As can be seen with MRF's designed even for major earthquakes, they do not collapse uniformly down through the path of most resistance, they collapse through the path of least resistance.

I cannot imagine that anyone would design a building such that the interior collapses on it's own from a few random office fires, quickly followed by a straight down collapse at free fall speed of the exterior.
 
Interesting, but what's the relevance here? The interior of WTC7 was not a moment resisting frame.
But the exterior was. The implication being that there was a two level construction standard in that whilst they went to great pains to ensure the exterior was sound and able to resist forces, the interior was constructed to a level which allowed it to collapse independently simply from a few office fires.
 
But the exterior was. The implication being that there was a two level construction standard in that whilst they went to great pains to ensure the exterior was sound and able to resist forces, the interior was constructed to a level which allowed it to collapse independently simply from a few office fires.

No. They made the exterior able to withstand lateral loading (wind). That's all. There's was no perceived need for interior moment resisting.

The question here though, is how would you expect the exterior to fall, after the interior had collapsed. Knowing what you do about moment frames, and how they tend to strongly hold together.
 
No. They made the exterior able to withstand lateral loading (wind). That's all. There's was no perceived need for interior moment resisting.

The question here though, is how would you expect the exterior to fall, after the interior had collapsed. Knowing what you do about moment frames, and how they tend to strongly hold together.
Ok, if you want to say 7 was badly designed and constructed internally, (which is how it appears to me), then so be it.

So the spaghetti interior collapses leaving a well built 'lateral force resisting' exterior, with nothing in it.

So what initiates it's collapse?

If the right side of the interior, (being the last bit to collapse), doesn't pull the right side of the exterior inward toward the centre, (as the left side didn't when it collapsed)... where does the collapse initiate and how?
 
But the exterior was. The implication being that there was a two level construction standard in that whilst they went to great pains to ensure the exterior was sound and able to resist forces, the interior was constructed to a level which allowed it to collapse independently simply from a few office fires.

You continually repeat this lie. Stop it.








 
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Ok, if you want to say 7 was badly designed and constructed internally, (which is how it appears to me), then so be it.
No, that's not what I'm saying. I'm just describing how it was built. Just facts. Exterior moment frame, interior mostly seated and other non-moment connections. Simple facts.

So the spaghetti interior collapses leaving a well built 'lateral force resisting' exterior, with nothing in it.
Essentially, yes.

So what initiates it's collapse?
Buckling. Basically it sways out of true, and buckles at the lower floors. The impact damage kind of gives it a crumple point (like you you have a ding in the side of a coke can). Columns buckling is essentially the same as columns being blown up, from the perspective of how much resistance it can give to the structure above.


If the right side of the interior, (being the last bit to collapse), doesn't pull the right side of the exterior inward toward the centre, (as the left side didn't when it collapsed)... where does the collapse initiate and how?

It undoubtedly did pull it in a bit, but the interior to exterior connections were relatively weak seated connections.

If you have a very tall unsupported structure like that then it's inevitably going to collapse somewhere, the precise mechanism is not too important. It's like if you put 200 pounds of weight on an empty soda can - it's going to fail, but you won't be able to predict the precise way in which it rips and folds. You just know it will fail.
 
No, that's not what I'm saying. I'm just describing how it was built. Just facts. Exterior moment frame, interior mostly seated and other non-moment connections. Simple facts.


Essentially, yes.


Buckling. Basically it sways out of true, and buckles at the lower floors. The impact damage kind of gives it a crumple point (like you you have a ding in the side of a coke can). Columns buckling is essentially the same as columns being blown up, from the perspective of how much resistance it can give to the structure above.




It undoubtedly did pull it in a bit, but the interior to exterior connections were relatively weak seated connections.

If you have a very tall unsupported structure like that then it's inevitably going to collapse somewhere, the precise mechanism is not too important. It's like if you put 200 pounds of weight on an empty soda can - it's going to fail, but you won't be able to predict the precise way in which it rips and folds. You just know it will fail.
As Mynym would say, it is all imaginings. I don't have Nostradamas like powers, I don't pretend to know what happened, simply that I find it extremely improbable that NIST's imaginings would take place in the way stated. Just because it is moment resisting does not mean it cannot collapse chaotically or laterally, (as per the quake sim vids).

If it had collapsed chaotically and laterally, I suggest nowhere near as many people would find it as suspicious.

The can does not collapse on its own, (and yes gravity is at play).

Edit. If you had a 'can' shaped like 7 and it was rooted in the ground to simulate the foundations and you damaged the 'can's' structure, (like 7) and then applied a strong wind to simulate the wind forces on 7, what do you think would happen?

Show me some buildings that collapse in the same manner, (without controlled demolition) and I will reconsider. Other than that I think we are simply going to have to agree to disagree. Sorry but that is the only conclusion I can come to.

Edit. How about some documentation which states 'the only way possible for the MRF to collapse would be straight down, uniformly and at least in part at freefall acceleration'?
 
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You say:
Buckling. Basically it sways out of true, and buckles at the lower floors. The impact damage kind of gives it a crumple point

But 7 doesn't sway visually.

This is swaying. Go to 5.30 for speeded up swaying.



Also, if that were the case, then surely it would aid in an asymmetric collapse, (at the weakest point first), as the moment frame has been damaged in that area?

 
Those are solid framed building swaying, not a skin of a building.

It doesn't take much for the thin skin to collapse. You see the initial sway of the left side, then it buckles and falls.
 
Where are the fires? How have I lied? We are talking about 7 here.

Show me I am wrong and I will stop immediately.
Those pictures were to show how much structural damage to wtc7 there was, they were all of wtc7.
Here are some fires. They are clearly not small office fires of no consequence to the building.




 
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Those are solid framed building swaying, not a skin of a building.

It doesn't take much for the thin skin to collapse. You see the initial sway of the left side, then it buckles and falls.
There will always be the issue of 'this or that is different'... even if we re constructed 7, gouged out the side and set some fires... there would 'still be differences'. That is why it is impossible to compare anything to it and also impossible to extrapolate from the extremely limited data available; how it could collapse in the way it did. Especially as no other building has collapsed like that, unless it was demolished.

Where did you come up with the concept that it had to collapse straight down due to it being a MRF? Is there any documentation which supports that?
 
Those pictures were to show how much structural damage to wtc7 there was, they were all of wtc7.
Here are some fires. They are clearly not small office fires of no consequence to the building.





I cannot see your pics until I reply. I don't know why?

The top pic is the only one showing flames. It is the fire at it's absolute worst. You know that Pete. You also know from NIST and reports and photos that the fires only burned in one place for up to 20 mins or so before running out of fuel.

NIST state the 'gash' was not a significant factor in the collapse and that it was the failure of column 79 which caused the collapse.

There are many buildings nearby far more damaged by debris and they did not catch fire or collapse.

You also know that compared to other fires which have been repeatedly posted on this site, the fires were very minor in comparison and the duration was very short.

Again, show me where I am wrong and I will stop posting on the subject.
 
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I do not know that that is the fire at its absolute worst, I do know that there are not many pictures of the flames. Does the smoke emanating from the entire length of the building not suggest serious fire to you?
I'm not sure if I care, you'll always believe the government did it no matter what and that it could not have collapsed without factors no-one has any evidence of.
 
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I do not know that that is the fire at its absolute worst, I do know that is there are not many pictures of the flames. Does the smoke emanating from the entire length of the building not suggest serious fire to you?
I'm not sure if I care, you'll always believe the government did it no matter what and that it could not have collapsed without factors no-one has any evidence of.
I do not want to believe the government was involved no more than Tsarnaev's mother wants to believe her sons detonated bombs. It is all about evidence AFAIAC.

You have to admit, governments are hardly trustworthy to say the least.
 
Well it gets exhausting if we can both look at the same thing and claim completely different things about it - if something seemingly straight-forward is contested then what's the point?
What evidence, in what area, would it take for you to accept it happened more or less as described?
 
Ok, can you document your statement that the exterior can only collapse uniformly straight down?

That's not my statement, and if I gave that impression then I apologize.

The exterior could also have folded a bit more more, and sections of it could have pivoted more. The straight down is just what happened. The point is more that there's no reason why what was observer was unlikely, not that it was inevitable.

Think about the exterior again, how would you expect it to fall?
 
That's not my statement, and if I gave that impression then I apologize.

The exterior could also have folded a bit more more, and sections of it could have pivoted more. The straight down is just what happened. The point is more that there's no reason why what was observer was unlikely, not that it was inevitable.

Think about the exterior again, how would you expect it to fall?


I thought that basically the NIST conclusion? That it was unlikely, but hey it happened.
 
And all this happens in milliseconds does it?
The inertia of the descending tower top would transmit itself to the next piece of the intact and stationary structure at the speed of 5 miles per second - pretty quickly.

So why do they need demolition crews to bring buildings straight down?
So that the terrible mess at 911 isn't duplicated.

Why are most collapses 'asymmetric' or partial?
Because they are the results of fires that have no awareness of the concept?

Why don't all demolitions of big buildings have fires that burn for months at extreme temperatures?
Because large buildings aren't necessarily tall buildings, nor are they necessarily steel buildings, and it's the potential energy due to height and mass we are talking about. Steel has three times the density of concrete.
 
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jomper said:
Why wouldn't you expect the building to collapse asymmetrically towards the most fire weakened or structurally damaged area as it begins to move down?
Because it conserves its motion. If one face fails first, then the tower will rock. This converts some downward motion into a rotational motion of the whole falling tower top. That rotational motion is conserved within every separate structural element, and thus will alter all the positions of, and all the force relationships of, all future impact events.

These impact events would not usually have ever occurred within the structure and would be individually spaced over time, allowing inertia forces to be transmitted from the surrounding structure to accumulate for long enough to damage the weaker of the two impactors sufficiently to allow the downward velocity vector of the descending tower top to increase. The proportion of G overridden being around 30%, this is a measure of the kinetic energy loss during collapse. More precisely it is proportional to the area between the graph of the actual fall and the graph of pure free fall.

The kinetic energy that was not overridden became the heat found at the wreckage base, less the energy lost in deforming that steel. That heat was so tightly insulated that even hydrogen didn't burn down there, but at the surface it did.
Can someone -- other than Jazzy -- attempt to explain what this means, please? I don't have difficulties with technical arguments as a rule but I'm finding this one a bit of a puzzler.

First we have this.

Because it conserves its motion. If one face fails first, then the tower will rock. This converts some downward motion into a rotational motion of the whole falling tower top.

No problem here -- it's really what I'm asking: why does the buckling of the exterior of the building (which of course occurs below the line that any video evidence shows and cannot be seen or be verified in any way) not cause some asymmetrical rotation or cause the roofline to deviate from the horizontal as it descends?

The most damaged face would be expected to move first -- a shift of 3% from the perpendicular in one corner at the moment of initiation does not explain the symmetry of the descent. Even in Mick's can experiment it is obvious that the buckling of the walls of the can -- as he stands on it and kinks it in the side, creating asymmetrical damage -- stops the top of the can from moving downwards with the kind of symmetry observed in the video evidence of the collapse of WTC7.

So we have
some downward motion [converted] into a rotational motion of the whole falling tower top.

Where does it go?

It seems

That rotational motion is conserved within every separate structural element, and thus will alter all the positions of, and all the force relationships of, all future impact events.

So the rotational movement is conserved within the structure. Of course, the structure at this point is hypothesised to be only a shell, so the rotational movement would not be conserved by the interior supports of the building, and while the shell may be moment resisting it has not been shown that this means it must descend symmetrically once it has been subject to asymmetrical damage.

In fact we would expect the rotational movement caused by collapse due to asymmetrical damage to do as Jazzy says, and
alter all the positions of, and all the force relationships of, all future impact events.

So this doesn't answer the question. And what are these impact events? They are in the past, aren't they? There are no further impact events once the internal structure has collapsed that might cause the exterior to start falling, with or without symmetry; if these "impact events" refer to fire and structural damage, they are certainly chaotic and asymmetrical.

Now comes the next part.

These impact events would not usually have ever occurred within the structure and would be individually spaced over time
Well, yes. We wouldn't expect impact events to occur within a structure in the usual course of events. Again, what are these impact events Jazzy is talking about? Anyway, even though they're not to be expected, they would normally be
individually spaced over time allowing inertia forces to be transmitted from the surrounding structure to accumulate for long enough to damage the weaker of the two impactors
So it's two "impactors", is it? It's really starting to look like whatever these impactors are should have been defined properly at the start if this is to be a cogent argument.

Anyhow, these impactors can be damaged, whatever that means, and one's weaker than the other, and they are subject to inertia forces -- which one assumes come from the rigidity of the structure, but that's merely an assumption from a context that is becoming increasingly opaque.

So anyway: the "weaker" of the two impactors -- which have not been differentiated, still less defined or explained -- are "damaged"
sufficiently to allow the downward velocity vector of the descending tower top to increase
which simply seems to mean that the building is falling at an increasing rate, but certainly seems to have no bearing on why it would fall symmetrically.

So then

The proportion of G overridden being around 30%, this is a measure of the kinetic energy loss during collapse.
we're talking about gravity, it would seem -- and although where this figure of 30% comes from is not explained it has apparently been measured by something somewhere.

Fortunately Jazzy defines what he means in the next sentence.

More precisely it is proportional to the area between the graph of the actual fall and the graph of pure free fall.
Has anyone mentioned a graph or a graph-based comparison on free-fall rates, still less posted actual graphs, on this thread? I don't think so. But since the question is about how the building fell so symmetrically, rather than why or how it fell at the speed it fell, how does a graph-based comparison of descent speeds help explain the issue?

Certainly Jazzy's final sentence

The kinetic energy that was not overridden became the heat found at the wreckage base, less the energy lost in deforming that steel. That heat was so tightly insulated that even hydrogen didn't burn down there, but at the surface it did.
...does absolutely nothing to answer the question of why the collapse had to be symmetrical.

As I said, I don't really think further elucidation from Jazzy is going to help here. He may know what he means but he's made his post and given his answer.

Does anyone else understand what Jazzy means and can they demonstrate their understanding?

Pete Tar: you "liked" this post when Jazzy originally made it, and I'm sure you wouldn't "like" something you don't understand. So perhaps you could make up for the nasty names you've called me on this thread by doing me the courtesy of re-phrasing this explanation to aid the general comprehension of all of us.
 
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...

Pete Tar: you "liked" this post when Jazzy originally made it, and I'm sure you wouldn't "like" something you don't understand. So perhaps you could make up for the nasty names you've called me on this thread by doing me the courtesy of re-phrasing this explanation to aid the general comprehension of all of us.
Why are you sure - I totally would. I'm a fan of his writing, and a fan of the dense poetry of technical language that I don't understand, because words.
Sure I'll give it a go. I doubt it will aid anyone's comprehension at all though.

Dominoes.

Nope, I'll try again.
The potential energy normally distributed evenly gathers in places not designed to take it - the initial burst of kinetic energy added to this is enough to overcome all resistance. Also the energy accumulates with each failure and accelrates through any resistance.

I don't know if that was exactly what Jazzy was saying, but that is the impressionist film that forms in my mind to the poetry of his words.
These impact events would not usually have ever occurred within the structure and would be individually spaced over time, allowing inertia forces to be transmitted from the surrounding structure to accumulate for long enough to damage the weaker of the two impactors sufficiently to allow the downward velocity vector of the descending tower top to increase.
Just beautiful.
 
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That's not my statement, and if I gave that impression then I apologize.

The exterior could also have folded a bit more more, and sections of it could have pivoted more. The straight down is just what happened. The point is more that there's no reason why what was observer was unlikely, not that it was inevitable.

Think about the exterior again, how would you expect it to fall?
That was the impression I drew from this earlier statement you made:

You are supposed to think about how things scale, and realize that the exterior of WTC could not have collapsed in any way other than more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding.

I wondered where you got the idea from?
 
Ok, can you document your statement that the exterior can only collapse uniformly straight down?

That's not my statement, and if I gave that impression then I apologize.
The exterior could also have folded a bit more more, and sections of it could have pivoted more.

No, you are supposed to admit that an internal collapse followed by the collapse of the exterior matches what was seen. You are supposed to think about how things scale, and realize that the exterior of WTC could not have collapsed in any way other than more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding.

"uniformly straight down" is not the same as "more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding", which is why I disagreed with your paraphrasing.
 
"uniformly straight down" is not the same as "more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding", which is why I disagreed with your paraphrasing.
Ok, let's not argue about semantics. Can you say how you arrived at that 'concept'... i.e. is there documentation to that effect?

Other than NIST. :)
 
Ok, let's not argue about semantics. Can you say how you arrived at that 'concept'... i.e. is there documentation to that effect?

Other than NIST. :)

Why, do you disagree with it? What do you think would happen to the exterior?
 
The inertia of the descending tower top would transmit itself to the next piece of the intact and stationary structure at the speed of 5 miles per second - pretty quickly.
Are you talking about 7 or 2?

If that theory/fact were correct, would it not preclude partial or non symmetrical collapses?


So that the terrible mess at 911 isn't duplicated.
If you keep to 7 only, that was a pretty neat demolition. I have seen worse Controlled Demolishions.

Because they are the results of fires that have no awareness of the concept?
I like it. When I said 'most collapses', I meant all except for 9/11 and that all others collapse randomly, (save for demos), unless you can provide evidence to the contrary.


Because large buildings aren't necessarily tall buildings, nor are they necessarily steel buildings, and it's the potential energy due to height and mass we are talking about. Steel has three times the density of concrete.
OK, we have to leave the heat thing to its appropriate thread.
 
Why, do you disagree with it? What do you think would happen to the exterior?
I'm simply trying to ascertain if there is any documentation underpinning the concept. If there isn't, it would appear to be uniquely designed to cover 9/11
 
I'm simply trying to ascertain if there is any documentation underpinning the concept. If there isn't, it would appear to be uniquely designed to cover 9/11

Which concept? That it might not fold that much? Or just buckling in general?
 
Which concept? That it might not fold that much? Or just buckling in general?

"more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding"

BTW, is it possible to put a 'Bottom' button at the top to save scrolling?

Also pics don't seem to be displaying correctly most of the time.
 
I'm afraid I can't really see what's so implausible about "more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding". It's like you are asking me why a house of cards sometimes falls straight down, and sometimes a bit to the side. Perhaps if you could point me to the equivalent documentation for it NOT doing that, so I could see what type of things you are looking for.
 
BTW, is it possible to put a 'Bottom' button at the top to save scrolling?

Also pics don't seem to be displaying correctly most of the time.

You can add a bookmark, and then edit it to contain:
Code:
javascript:scroll(0,document.getElementsByTagName( 'body')%5B0%5D.scrollHeight);
But I'll look into adding a button.

The pics above are not always displaying because they are hotlinked to 911myths, which does not allow external embedding of its images. It's best to copy and paste the actual image (which will rehost it), and not just drag in a link.
 
I'm afraid I can't really see what's so implausible about "more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding". It's like you are asking me why a house of cards sometimes falls straight down, and sometimes a bit to the side. Perhaps if you could point me to the equivalent documentation for it NOT doing that, so I could see what type of things you are looking for.

I find it implausible because I can't find any buildings which collapse "more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding".

I can't find any buildings that fall down like 7 unless they are demolished/blown up.

Here are some examples of 'normal' asymmetrical collapses :

NB, They are quite easy to find but admittedly they are not steel framed high rises but as a 'principle', I think they make the point about 'collapsing straight down'.









Can you find any buildings that collapse like 7 did, "more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding"?
 
Mick can you gif a zoomed in version of the other angles of the collapse? The one we are all familiar with is the best view, but perhaps the other ones can add some information.


 
Can someone -- other than Jazzy -- attempt to explain
That's not fair. You're blowing smoke.

the buckling of the exterior of the building (which of course occurs below the line that any video evidence shows and cannot be seen or be verified in any way)
That's WTC7 so don't confuse what I was saying about tower tops. The buckling is verified by the wreckage of WTC7 itself. You could see where it folded, and that it lay on top of its wreckage.

what are these impact events?
In the case of WTC7, as with the towers, these were collapsing floors.

Again, what are these impact events Jazzy is talking about?
I was talking about the WTC tower tops in particular, and not WTC7.

So it's two "impactors", is it? It's really starting to look like whatever these impactors are should have been defined properly at the start if this is to be a cogent argument.
In any impact there are two objects which collide. An impactor and an impactee, if you like.

Anyhow, these impactors can be damaged, whatever that means, and one's weaker than the other, and they are subject to inertia forces -- which one assumes come from the rigidity of the structure, but that's merely an assumption from a context that is becoming increasingly opaque.
My word, I can see the fog myself. So difficult. An impact involving two things. Mind-boggling. Which one fails first? The weaker one? Yes. Where they occurred no-one could predict (it's chaotic) but THAT they occurred there is no doubt. What energy did the damaging? The momentum of the falling tower top supplied that willingly by contact, and at the speed of sound in steel. It wasn't resistible, but whichever was the weaker part failed first.

Well, I'm sure I was writing slightly off-topic when I pursued the ENERGY aspect of the collapses. But not very far off.

All this palaver springs from the difficulty of comprehending such a massive set of events. The question as to why the towers didn't fall over, but through themselves, doesn't relate greatly to the manner in which WTC7 fell, and I wasn't suggesting it did. If I ever disagreed even slightly with Mick's take on this point I would probably mention it. In general we use different words to describe more or less the same thing.

Collapse symmetry only becomes meaningful if one disregards the physical effects of damage to, and fires within, the structures. Why would one do that?
 
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Can you find any buildings that collapse like 7 did, "more-or-less straight down, with a bit of folding"?

No, because it was a rather unique building to collapse. That does not alter the physics though.

But why on earth would you show four videos of low building made from bricks and concrete? Utterly different.
 
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