São Paulo High Rise Fire and Collapse - Wilton Paes de Almeida Building

Miss VocalCord

Senior Member.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edifício_Wilton_Paes_de_Almeida


The Wilton Paes de Almeida Building (Portuguese: Edifício Wilton Paes de Almeida) was a high-rise building in Largo do Paiçandu, São Paulo, that was built in the 1960s. It caught fire and collapsed on 1 May 2018.
...
The fire started on the fifth floor at 4.20am GMT (1.20am local time) on 1 May 2018, and the building collapsed 90 minutes later. The cause of the fire is thought to be a gas explosion.[6] The fire spread to an adjacent building, which was not in danger of collapsing.[7]

At the time of the fire, around 50 families were registered as squatting in the building,[8] with makeshift wooden living structures helping to spread the fire throughout the building, as well as the empty shafts where lifts had formerly been.[6] Around 160 firefighters attended the scene.[8] At least one person died,[6] who was being rescued using a steel rope when the building collapsed.[7]
Content from External Source
[Mod: Updated with Wikipedia info, above]

It appears another rather large building has collapsed due to fire in Sao Paulo today:
Witnesses looked on in horror as the 26-storey building came tumbling down in a massive fireball
Content from External Source
http://metro.co.uk/2018/05/01/residential-tower-block-collapses-huge-fire-rips-building-7511628/

[video link collapse, timestamp embedded]

Source: https://youtu.be/XwoBRHDLxdo?t=13
 
Last edited by a moderator:
BREAKING NEWS...



A 26 story building in São Paulo, Brazil, has collapsed following a major fire. The building, formerly offices for the cities police force, had been abandoned 'some years ago', but had been taken over by at least 50 squatter families.

The fire was reported at 4.20 Gmt, 1.20 local time and was being tackled by 150 fire fighters. The building was being evacuated when it collapsed, some 90 minutes after the first reports of the blaze. At least one fire fighter has been killed in the collapse. The number of fatalities among the residents of the building is not yet known - but reports are saying the buildings evacuaton was nearly complete when the collapse happened.


BBC report - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-43960778

Obviously reports are currently sketchy as the events are still unfolding, but the very fact another high rise has fallen after a devestating fire, once more lays false the 9-11 truthers claims that fire cannot destroy tall buildings, and will probably drive the more hardcore 9-11 truthers to pick this incident apart looking for 'proof' that this too was / is a case of neferious controlled demolition. :(
 
Last edited by a moderator:
Not sure if this one deserves it's own topic, but it appears another rather large building has collapsed due to fire in Sao Paulo today:
Witnesses looked on in horror as the 26-storey building came tumbling down in a massive fireball
Content from External Source
http://metro.co.uk/2018/05/01/residential-tower-block-collapses-huge-fire-rips-building-7511628/

Based on the below picture from the NYTimes, I wouldn't be surprised if it turned out that this building had a concrete core as it appears the side walls were not bearing much weight:

upload_2018-5-1_8-50-40.png

Nevertheless, whether partially concrete (which is inherently more fire resistant than steel) or not, we have yet another example of a high rise building that rapidly collapsed due to fire. Any wagers on how long it will take AE911Truth to breathlessly speculate that the collapse of this random, ramshackle skyscraper was also a controlled demolition?
 
Based on the below picture from the NYTimes, I wouldn't be surprised if it turned out that this building had a concrete core as it appears the side walls were not bearing much weight:
No, it appears like that, although it is hard to tell from just a few pictures, also the pile which is left over is rather 'small':



Any wagers on how long it will take AE911Truth to breathlessly speculate that the collapse of this random, ramshackle skyscraper was also a controlled demolition?
I was wondering that somewhere else too; I guess it won't take long....
 
I added a popular video of the collapse to the OP.

and this segment has another angle of the collapse (note: information provided on rest of video may not be accurate. I've heard reports say collapse 90 minutes after fire started and 'several hours' after fire started)

Source: https://youtu.be/OrrnFuoQDjA?t=4
 
download.jpg
Sao Paulo, Brazil May 1, 2018. REUTERS/Leonardo Benassatto


B99655520Z.1_20180501073711_000_GE51VQ5HB.2-0.jpg
(Photo: Andre Penner / AP)


f6994a334e894f27aacecfe2067a6baf.jpg
(AP Photo/Andre Penner)
 
Reports of sounds of an explosion at the start of the fire - but mixed.
https://vejasp.abril.com.br/cidades/versoes-incendio-predio/

For now, there are at least three versions for the start of the fire in the 24-storey building in Largo do Paissandu, in the center of São Paulo, at dawn on Tuesday (1st). At the site, people reported that there was a row between two residents on the 5th floor. Already the pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Frederico Carlos Ludwig, said the entity's caretaker was awakened by a violent explosion. Some people have reported that the fire may have been caused by the explosion of a pressure cooker or gas canister.
Content from External Source
 
But Wikipedia says 1960s, so perhaps the above is in error. Looking at the cars they do look older
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edifício_Wilton_Paes_de_Almeida


The building in 2016
The Wilton Paes de Almeida Building (Portuguese: Edifício Wilton Paes de Almeida) was a building in Largo do Paiçandu, in the city of São Paulo, that was built in the 1960s. As a result of a fire, it collapsed on 1 May 2018. The building was considered a historical patrimony of the city, CONPRESP, in 1992.[1]

The building was designed by Roger Zmekhol and built between 1961 and 1968, the foundation's official date. It occupied a plot of 650 square metres (7,000 sq ft); the constructed area amounted to 12,000 square metres (130,000 sq ft). The structure of the building was metal with concrete slabs.[2] It was 26 storeys tall.[3]

The building was next to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of São Paulo and, with the collapse of the building in 2018, part of the church was destroyed.[4]

The fire started on the fifth floor at 4.20am GMT (1.20am local time) on 1 May 2018. The cause of the fire is thought to be a gas explosion.[3] At the time of the fire, around 50 families were registered as squatting in the building,[5] with makeshift wooden living structures helping to spread the fire throughout the building.[3] Around 160 firefighters attended the scene.[5] At least one person died during the collapse, which happened 90 minutes after the start of the fire.[3]
Content from External Source
Building details:
http://www.arquivo.arq.br/edifcio-wilton-paes-de-almeida
(translated extracts)

Building Wilton Paes de Almeida
ARCHITECT: Roger Zmekhol
YEAR: 1961
STRUCTURE: Metallic with concrete slabs
STRUCTURAL DESIGN:
PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION: 1961 - 1968
Content from External Source
 
If you see how close the church next to it is and how (relatively) lightly damaged it is, this really is close to "in its own footprint"

I'd describe it as as "partial destroyed" rather than "relatively lightly damaged", but yes, it is right next to the tower, so not a lot considering.




Metabunk 2018-05-01 13-21-05.jpg

Metabunk 2018-05-01 13-24-04.jpg
 
Inevitable some people are going to think it was controlled demolition. I'm interested in what AE911's reaction is going to be:

A) Looks very suspicious, the Brazilian government should investigate evidence of the use of explosives
B) This is nothing at all like WTC7, totally different fire and circumstances.

I had expected them to go with B) with the Plasco building, but the doubled down there and became full Plasco Truthers. Will they double down again here?

I suspect they will. The reason being that we see several types of "evidence" that we also saw with WTC7 (and Plasco). There's the sudden onset, the straight down collapse (through what they mistakenly call "the path of most resistance"), then there's the "into it's own footprint", and "no other high-rise has ever collapse from fire". There would probably be squibs, however it's different looking at night, with more fire. There's also "pyroclastic flow". Probably also "a portion of free fall acceleration", or "near free fall"

They really can't drop all this "evidence" and still continue, so they are going to say this is suspicious and needs investigating.

I'm interested in an early assessment from @Tony Szamboti ?
 
Last edited:
Mick, are you able to track with any reasonable degree of accuracy the acceleration of the top floors of the building during the collapse? (If I recall, you were able to graph your own curves for WTC7 using some software on hand.) Just eye balling it, it looks like there is a period of very rapid acceleration, not unlike what was seen with the northern wall of WTC7 when its outer columns buckled. It seems like this may thus be another example of the effects of buckling, though of course much remains unclear as to the how this collapse actually progressed. Given the night time video, it's not immediately clear to me whether we are seeing WTC7-like buckling or whether the rapid descent occurs from the top floors toppling out of alignment with the lower floors (which is, in a sense, more like what happened with the twin towers, though on a much smaller scale).
 
Last edited:
Mick, are you able to track with any reasonable degree of accuracy the acceleration of the top floors of the building during the collapse? (If I recall, you were able to graph your own curves for WTC7 using some software on hand.) Just eye balling it, it looks like there is a period of very rapid acceleration, not unlike what was seen with the northern wall of WTC7 when its outer columns buckled. It seems like this may thus be another example of the effects of buckling, though of course much remains unclear as to the how this collapse actually progressed. Given the night time video, it's not immediately clear to me whether we are seeing WTC7-like buckling or whether the rapid descent occurs from the top floors toppling out of alignment with the lower floors (which is, in a sense, more like what happened with the twin towers, though on a much smaller scale).

I've not really tried yet, but the darkness is going to be a factor.

In the video with the man on the rope (who sadly was one of the casualties) you see the building tilt away about 1 foot over about 1.5 seconds, a few seconds before before global collapse. Not dissimilar to the tilt of WTC - the only difference being we have close-up video.

My impression of the collapse is that the concrete core fell first, then the four columns failed. Hard to say - it might be one of the columns went out, redistributing weight, then the core failed, then the rest of the columns. I need to look at more video.
 
Eyeballing a couple of videos, the bulk of the building seems to come down in about 7 seconds. If we are dealing with 26 floors, and story height is about 3.3 meters (ca. 11 ft), then building height was ca. 86 m, falling in 7 s gives an acceleration:

a = 2h/t^2 = 2*86 m / 49 s^2 = 3.5 m/s^2, that's ca. 35% of freefall acceleration.

If my eyballing is off by a second (6 s <= t <= 8 s), then average acceleration may have been anywhere between 2.7 and 4.8 m/s^2 (between 27% and 49% of g).
 
There seems to be just two videos so far showing the collapse. There a shaking one from above, and another from below that shows the building lean then zooms out to show the collapse. Both are shot from the NW (Church) side)
Metabunk 2018-05-02 09-02-51.jpg

Timing from approximately the first detectable lean of the building: Time is in seconds and frame (1/30th)

Metabunk 2018-05-02 08-57-57.jpg

First frame at which ejected smoke dust is visible, just before zoom out.
Metabunk 2018-05-02 08-59-32.jpg

End of zoom out, collapse of what seems to be the elevator/utility core on the church side
Metabunk 2018-05-02 09-00-35.jpg

At this point it seems like the upper roofline is still not descending. This remains stable: Note the two vertical lines in the top left of the building here:
Metabunk 2018-05-02 09-08-48.jpg
Metabunk 2018-05-02 09-09-55.jpg

There's a simultaneous vertical line of expulsions at 3:06
Metabunk 2018-05-02 09-14-04.jpg

Another zoom obscures the start of the collapse of the upper roofline. But I'd put it about here:
Metabunk 2018-05-02 09-11-44.jpg

Then again hard to say where to the top hits the ground, but I'd put it at around: Really this is more where it falls past the level of the body of the church.
Metabunk 2018-05-02 09-16-06.jpg

About 4 seconds. And I'm pretty sure it's not much more than that.
 
By the way, the investigation is going on and they are suspecting a domestic accident with a gas cylinder or pressure cooker. There were 100+ families (even though the city says it was "only" around 50; 50 is the registered number, not the real one) living there. They even paid some kind of bizarre rental agreement to the auto-declared owners of the building, but that's another story.

Anyway, there was no running water or gas installations, everything was very precarious. Families would bring gas cylinders to the building to connect to their stoves. The investigation is pointing to a gas cylinder or pressure cooker explosion as the cause for the fire. The "apartments" were divided by wooden planks as this was a commercial building with no real walls diving areas. There were no elevators as they were taken away years and years ago (elevators usually do not belong to the building, they are third parties equipment - atlas, thyssen krupp - and they are returned after the end of the contract), so the elevator shafts worked as some efficient chimneys.

This building was known as the Glass Tower when it was built, and marketed by the builder as an almost see-through building (it was 1961, so cut the guys some slack ;-) ).

This is a long article (in Portuguese) discussing the stell+concrete structure of the building, fire protection, etc. Let me know if you have trouble understanding any paragraphs there.
http://gazetaweb.globo.com/portal/noticia/2018/05/_54031.php

So, you had the perfect combination: old concrete/steel building with little fire proofing + no maintenance of the little fire proof that was there + lots of flammable materials + great chimneys + no diving walls. Any small fire would escalate to uncontrollable fires very very quickly.

By the way, the city was warned about this risk over and over again. And by the way #2, there are 70 other buildings in the exact same risk scenario, probably not built the same way though.

Nothing nefarious here folks, just the old city neglectfulness to poor people and avoidable tragedies.
 
This is a long article (in Portuguese) discussing the stell+concrete structure of the building, fire protection, etc. Let me know if you have trouble understanding any paragraphs there.
http://gazetaweb.globo.com/portal/noticia/2018/05/_54031.php

A translated portion, emphasis and [alternate] translations mine:

The mixed structure of steel and concrete was one of them.

"The building had a central core of lifts and concrete ladders, the rest of them were metal pillars [columns] with much less resistance to fire, and this may be one of the reasons why it fell so fast," says the professor.

The information about the structure is based on the doctoral thesis of Office Buildings in the City of São Paulo, by researcher Roberto Novelli Fialho, published in 2007 by the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of USP (FAU / USP).

At the time the Wilton Paes Almeida was built, in the 1960s many of the buildings in Brazil were made of concrete only, which acts as a kind of thermal insulation and, therefore, makes it difficult to spread fires.

Over time - and the development of the national steel industry - construction began to incorporate metal structures in buildings. "It was a modern conception for the time," says the engineer.

The problem, he ponders, is that the structure had virtually no thermal protection elements - mortar with asbestos cement, plaster coating, intumescent paint - developed precisely to protect metallic materials, which have a coefficient of thermal transmission much higher than concrete and facilitate the expansion of eventual fires.

"At the time the building was built, there was no thermal protection as it exists today - and we know it's important. It was a structure that was not adequately protected against fire," adds Helene.

According to national and international safety standards, according to him, buildings of that height should withstand without collapsing, in case of fire, for at least three hours, or 180 minutes - estimated time for evacuation and to enable rescue actions by the firefighters. "But that building collapsed before an hour and a half, that is, it lasted only about 90 minutes."

The case is referred to as "one of the rare in history when an armed [reinforced] concrete structure" went down while catching fire. "Usually, the building burns but does not fall," observes Helene, who is also the former president of the Latin American Association of Building Pathologies (Alcont).

"As happened in two of the most emblematic fires in São Paulo: that of the Andrauss building, which burned for four hours in 1972 and did not collapse, and the Joelma Building in 1974, which lasted six and a half hour
Content from External Source
This seems to confirm what the plan diagram seems to show - concrete core and four large steel columns (and then a lattice of smaller steel - but the exterior walls not being load bearing. Floors are cantilevered)


The four H shapes are, I think, based on the above, steel columns. However I've not seen any evidence of them in the debris. It also appears the the first thing to fully collapse was the concrete core - but then we've only got video from one side of the building.

We see the building lean away, which suggest to me that the (steel?) columns had started to thermally buckle and the building was redistributing the load. This put more stress on the concrete core, which fractured and failed, then global failure.
 

In the above image the line of expulsions is matched by the floors (on the right) tilting downwards. Outlined in green:
Metabunk 2018-05-02 10-24-54.jpg

STABBED-Wilton Paes-section-floors-bend.gif


This suggests a failure of these columns:
Metabunk 2018-05-02 10-23-19.jpg

And it suggests a failure of those columns near the bottom, somewhat similar to the C79 [& 80,81] failure in WTC7.
Metabunk 2018-05-02 10-28-02.jpg
 
Last edited:
The information about the structure is based on the doctoral thesis of Office Buildings in the City of São Paulo, by researcher Roberto Novelli Fialho, published in 2007 by the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of USP (FAU / USP).
Content from External Source
(attached)
Metabunk 2018-05-02 14-15-56.jpg

Edifício Wilton Paes de Almeida (1961): projeto de Roger
Zmekohl localizado na Rua Antonio de Godoy esquina com Avenida Rio
Branco. O edifício com 22 pavimentos e 2 subsolos, segue os princípios
do edifício "miesiano", adotando em seu grande volume prismático a
solução de "curtain wall" e estrutura metálica com perfis metálicos tipo "H"
com lajes de concreto.
[translate]
Wilton Paes de Almeida Building (1961): Roger Project
Zmekohl located in Rua Antonio de Godoy street with Avenida Rio
White. The building with 22 floors and 2 basements, follows the principles
of the "Miesian" building, adopting in its large prismatic volume the
curtain wall solution and metal structure with "H" type metal profiles
with concrete slabs.
Content from External Source
 

Attachments

  • edificios_de_escritorios_na_cidade_de_sao_paulo.pdf
    20.9 MB · Views: 1,144
And his source:
https://www.scribd.com/document/354960357/Arquitetura-Moderna-Paulistana-Alberto-Xavier
Metabunk 2018-05-02 14-20-28.jpg


Destinado a sede de grande empresa Industrial — a Cia. Comerclal de Vidros do Brasil —. este edlficio de 20 andares a 12 mil m2 de area construida emprega com largueza a solucao 'curtain-wall' associando-a, nas prumadas de servicos e sanitarios, a paineis pre-moldados de alumlnlo. Apresentando sofistlcado conjunto de detalhes. especlficagoes e equipamentos. fllia-se com rigor ao dese-nho do arranha-ceu "miesiano', o que determina a reducao das bordas da laje nervurada de concreto armado a dlmensoes infimas. de modo a resultarem ex-tremamente delgados os perils horizontals da calxllharia de alumlnlo que as envolvem. Situado em terreno de esquina. seu volume comparece com toda a plenitude, pois alem das longas visuais proplciadas do largo do Paissandu, que Ihe e contlguo, de um lado vizinha com urn templo e. de outro. e isolado do edlficio lindeiro atraves de parede continua, mantlda no alinhamento e saliente 4 m em cada face do edlficio
[translate]
Destined to be the headquarters of a large industrial company - the. this 20-storey building with a constructed area of 12,000 m2 employs the curtain-wall solution in combination with pre-molded aluminum panels in the plumbing and sanitary areas. Featuring sophisticated set of details. specs and equipment. The structure of the miesian skyscraper, which determines the reduction of the edges of the ribbed slab of reinforced concrete to infrequent thicknesses, so as to produce extremely thin horizontal perils of alumina lining they are enveloped.Located on a corner plot, its volume appears with all its fullness, in addition to the long protracted visuals of the Largo de Paissandu, which is contiguous to it, on the one side bordering one temple and on the other, and isolated from the edlficio lindeiro through continuous wall, maintain in alignment and protrude 4 m on each face of the edface
Content from External Source
Which does not mention the columns.
 
This would seem to fit the bill for a large H-shaped column, but it looks like Steel Reinforced Concrete
Metabunk 2018-05-02 14-49-20.jpg

Also:
Metabunk 2018-05-02 14-51-49.jpg
 
This would seem to fit the bill for a large H-shaped column, but it looks like Steel Reinforced Concrete

Steel reinforced concrete is very very common in most buildings and houses in Brazil. I also searched a lot but couldn't find any definitive information about this specific building. If I still lived in Sao Paulo I would go to the city files or somewhere else and search for physical copies, as public electronic info is not available. I think 1961 is too old for anyone to have thought about digitalizing those project files.

Metabunk 2018-05-02 18-54-50.jpg

This is obviously not from the same building, but the image from Mick is similar to this, or similar to what this would look like after it collapsed.
 
Last edited by a moderator:
Any wagers on how long it will take AE911Truth to breathlessly speculate that the collapse of this random, ramshackle skyscraper was also a controlled demolition?

As an engineer member of AE911 Truth, and just looking at the videos and stills without any in-depth knowledge or study of the structure, my first impression is that the structure was very likely far below standard in terms of structural member quantities and/or sizes. A collapse waiting to happen, in other words.

Hopefully our group's most active members will get the blueprints and/or calculations, so we can see what the cause of this collapse actually was.

Eleanor White, Ontario, Canada
 
Contrast and compare, building 7 vs. São Paulo building. I’m sorry but you are comparing apples and oranges. Many MANY more columns in building 7. São Paulo was asking for a collapse under the overwhelming weight of the building, especially considering the asymmetrical layout of the minimal amount of columns.
F345DCEE-5EC9-47E1-92C9-D3907D3318DD.png 04DA8382-3BB4-4717-B9FA-608C80B1A61F.png
 
Last edited by a moderator:
As an engineer member of AE911 Truth, and just looking at the videos and stills without any in-depth knowledge or study of the structure, my first impression is that the structure was very likely far below standard in terms of structural member quantities and/or sizes. A collapse waiting to happen, in other words.

Hopefully our group's most active members will get the blueprints and/or calculations, so we can see what the cause of this collapse actually was.

Eleanor White, Ontario, Canada

Welcome to Metabunk. I hope you will take the time to systematically present such calculations and the assumptions thereunder on this forum. Many around here have long been looking to AE911Truth representatives like Tony Szamboti (who, to his credit, does from time to time engage in discussions, while others like Richard Gage will not) for rigorously developed principles that can be used to underpin and justify AE911Truth's various claims, most of which seem spuriously driven by pre-determined conclusions and not actual data and fundamental principles.

It would be helpful, for example, for you to actually put some meat on the bones of what you mean when you say the structure was far below standard in terms of structural member sizes and quantities. It appears to me that the building had a fairly standard design in terms of its ratio of support columns to floor space based on the diagrams Mick has produced, though perhaps the NE floor (which appears to be cantilevered) is unusually long (at least in terms of ratio to the core area if not in absolute terms). What seems out of spec to you specifically on your first impression?
 
Contrast and compare, building 7 vs. São Paulo building. I’m sorry but you are comparing apples and oranges. Many MANY more columns in building 7. São Paulo was asking for a collapse under the overwhelming weight of the building, especially considering the asymmetrical layout of the minimal amount of columns.
F345DCEE-5EC9-47E1-92C9-D3907D3318DD.png 04DA8382-3BB4-4717-B9FA-608C80B1A61F.png

The number of columns isn't really important though, right? It's the load bearing capacity of the columns relative to the load that is important. And WTC7 had an unusual, asymmetrical design with long span floors and a complicated transfer truss system lower down. It's obviously true that a one-to-one comparison between the two is non-starter; I think what most here would be most interested in is identifying the first principles considerations that drove the collapse modes of both buildings--i.e., what principled reasons can be used to understand why each building completely collapsed and can they be used to also understand why the other completely collapsed?

There are additional questions that are worth probing as well regarding whether certain phenomenon witnessed during each collapse is evidence of a controlled demolition or not. For example: air ejections. AE911Truth has long claimed that high speed ejections of air during a building collapse are "squibs" of explosive blasts and thus prima facie evidence for explosives. Beyond the collapses on 9-11, however, we now have two other large building collapses in Tehran and Sao Paulo that both also created such ejecta. Does it mean explosives were used in both of those collapses or does it mean that such ejecta is not, in fact, the signature of explosives that AE911Truth long claimed?
 
Fire probably started due to a short circuit.

Em entrevista concedida na área onde os bombeiros fazem o rescaldo do acidente, Alves Barbosa Filho revelou que, segundo as apurações, o curto-circuito aconteceu em uma tomada de um dos cômodos do quinto andar do edifício Wilton Paes de Almeida. O secretário informou que três aparelhos domésticos estavam ligados na tomada: um micro-ondas, uma geladeira e uma televisão.

In an interview taken place where the fireman are looking into the aftermath of the accident, Alves Barbosa Filho [public safety secretary for Sao Paulo] reviewed that, according to the investigations, the short-circuit happened in a power outlet on the fifth-floor room at Wilton Paes de Almeida building. The secretary informed that three household appliances were plugged to the same power outlet: a micro-wave oven, a refrigerator and a television.
Content from External Source
https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidia...m-predio-que-desabou-em-sp-diz-secretario.htm

They know about that so quickly because the mother of the family living in that room left the building safely and she saw everything happening. The investigation will continue anyway so that they can validate the hypothesis.
 
AE911Truth has long claimed that high speed ejections of air during a building collapse are "squibs" of explosive blasts and thus prima facie evidence for explosives. Beyond the collapses on 9-11, however, we now have two other large building collapses in Tehran and Sao Paulo that both also created such ejecta

Are the ejections similar in Sao Paulo?
 
Back
Top