NorCal Dave
Senior Member.
This article popped up on my feed.
https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/com...system-can-generate-electricity-indefinitely/
It's one of those lousy slide show things that make you click through photos and read short little paragraphs. I usually avoid these, but I've always been fascinated by "free-energy" claims ever since first reading about Joe Newman and his Newman Energy Machine back in the '80s-'90s. So, I clicked through the slides (and ads) to find a few pull quotes about a device called the EnergiCell from ENG8:
This article eventually led back to ENG8's slick looking website. Here we can see how the system actual works:
First water is split into its atomic components, hydrogen and oxygen, through electrolysis, which means an energy input. I assume that's what that little lightning bolt is supposed to be. Next the H+ and the O- then go into a condensed plasmiod ball of electrons. I'm not sure what happened to the protons or neutrons at this point. Then electricity is made! And light! Although as @FatPhil has noted before, diagrams aren't science.
I ran this by my younger son, a chemist. To be fair, he's an organic chemist and chemical power generation isn't something he deals with, but he did say "Whaaaa?".
His first comment was that the H+ and O- was wrong as is shown in this Wikipedia diagram on splitting water:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water
The O will not stay isolated, but rather they will combine into O2, so there is no O- going into the plasmoid, if I understood him right.
Presumably, once contained in the plasmoid, the hydrogen and oxygen recombine into water, releasing more energy than it took to split them, create the plasma and maintain the magnetic containment field. I think:
Or maybe not, because hydrogen and oxygen are the possible outputs of the reaction, so they didn't get fused back into water. My son asked, "what are making?" Whatever it is, it helps to output more energy than is needed for the system:
And they are now at a Q=5 with version 6:
A Vox article from 2022 I found has a good simple way of explaining the Q:
However, ENG8's devices can be as small as 1 watt up to 100KW, so how does one contain a ball of plasma heated to the temperature of the sun in such a small device?
Maybe because they're using a Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LEARN) so the plasma doesn't need to be that hot:
Low Energy Nuclear Reaction is a newer term for what is commonly called "cold fusion". To my knowledge, none of the LERN enthusiasts have ever shown a testable and repeatable example of the technology. To my non-physicist mind something is amiss here. LERN is or was, cold fusion and I thought it meant just that, COLD fusion. Fusion taking place on a countertop at room temperature, or close to it. Plasma tends to be hot, sometimes really hot. I have a plasma cutter and I've been trying to learn TIG welding, which passes an electrical charge through an inert gas to create plasma sufficient to melt metal.
Why are they using Low Energy Nuclear Reactions when they have a ball of plasma? Note that they claimed their device output more energy than "the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state". Assuming they achieved this, how are they containing the plasma? How much energy is being used for containment?
I'm speculating that the plasmoids supposedly take care of containing the plasma, with no energy input. Recall from our discussion of Malcom Bendall's Plasmoid energy generator contraption, that these torroid or donut shaped collections of electrons are the source for his over unity device. I thought they may have been made up by Bendall, but there is a Wikipedia entry on "plasmoids", though it's short and vague, which I suspect may be why they are a hot topic in "clean Energy". Bendal's Plasmoids discussed here:
https://www.metabunk.org/threads/cl...f-malcolm-bendall-provides-free-energy.12899/
I did find this layman's explanation on modern-physics.org:
It sounds like plasmoids MAY be used to achieve a sustainable and clean fusion source of energy, but not yet. Unless of course, ENG8 has figured it out.
I did find a paper via Wikipedia, about a proposed energy storage technology called the Electron Spiral Toroid (EST) being developed by Electron Power Sytems Inc, (EPS) back in the '90s. The paper is a review of the claims made for the technology prepared for NASA. Spoiler, the EST didn't work so well. It was similar to a plasmoid, in that it was plasma in a donut:
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20010021117/downloads/20010021117.pdf
The reviewers concluded that without containment, this plasma donut would just dissipate. Evidence for the existence of the EST included a photo of some sort:
Ultimately, exactly how the ENG8 EnergiCell works is proprietary:
I'm still confused by the whole thing. On one hand it seems to be a LENR, or cold fusion device and on the other it uses high temperature plasma, or plasmoids, to produce sustained fusion. Most of the stuff on the ENG8 website is what I would call branding and maybe brand affirmations. A lot of talk about clean energy, ending poverty, social justice, and making the world a better place for all. There is very little about how their EnergiCell actually works:
But there is a whole tab about investing with testimonials like this, hinting that what's happening may not be all that important:
Not sure I'll write a check for ENG8 just yet, but I'm no physicists.
https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/com...system-can-generate-electricity-indefinitely/
It's one of those lousy slide show things that make you click through photos and read short little paragraphs. I usually avoid these, but I've always been fascinated by "free-energy" claims ever since first reading about Joe Newman and his Newman Energy Machine back in the '80s-'90s. So, I clicked through the slides (and ads) to find a few pull quotes about a device called the EnergiCell from ENG8:
External Quote:
According to Dr. Biberian's findings, the system can run continuously, producing kilowatts of energy, with three times more output than the energy it takes in.
External Quote:
In December 2020, an EnergiCell was first independently tested in the UK by Dr. Robert Morgan from Brighton University. This test showed that it released 1.8 times more energy as heat than the electricity used to power it.
I've noted before that I'm pretty much dyslexic when it comes to math, but this seems to be suggesting over-unity, a violation of the law of conservation of energy, but feel free to correct me:External Quote:
In 2022 and 2023, further tests in Portugal by the Electrical Technical Institute revealed energy outputs of 2 and 2.4 times the input. Another lab found that the device produced twice as much electricity as it consumed, indicating a potential for self-powering and exporting electricity.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyExternal Quote:
In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time.[1] This law, first proposed and tested by Émilie du Châtelet,[2][3] means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another.
This article eventually led back to ENG8's slick looking website. Here we can see how the system actual works:
First water is split into its atomic components, hydrogen and oxygen, through electrolysis, which means an energy input. I assume that's what that little lightning bolt is supposed to be. Next the H+ and the O- then go into a condensed plasmiod ball of electrons. I'm not sure what happened to the protons or neutrons at this point. Then electricity is made! And light! Although as @FatPhil has noted before, diagrams aren't science.
I ran this by my younger son, a chemist. To be fair, he's an organic chemist and chemical power generation isn't something he deals with, but he did say "Whaaaa?".
His first comment was that the H+ and O- was wrong as is shown in this Wikipedia diagram on splitting water:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water
The O will not stay isolated, but rather they will combine into O2, so there is no O- going into the plasmoid, if I understood him right.
Presumably, once contained in the plasmoid, the hydrogen and oxygen recombine into water, releasing more energy than it took to split them, create the plasma and maintain the magnetic containment field. I think:
https://eng8.energy/technology/External Quote:
The fuel source is the water molecule where the ionised H2O molecule supplies the hydrogen ions needed for catalysed fusion.
A primary energy release mechanism is a catalysed fusion process where protons and neutrons are fused into atomic nuclei.
Energy is released in the form of electricity and heat and with modifications can produce chemical energy in the form of hydrogen and oxygen.
Or maybe not, because hydrogen and oxygen are the possible outputs of the reaction, so they didn't get fused back into water. My son asked, "what are making?" Whatever it is, it helps to output more energy than is needed for the system:
ENG8 has results beyond Q=1 in their fusion reactor:External Quote:
A fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the ratio of fusion power produced in a fusion reactor to the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state. The condition of Q = 1, when the power being released by the fusion reactions is equal to the required heating power, is referred to as breakeven. When above one the Q is referred to as infinite.
ENG8 has reached this point as it is able to produce more electrical and/or thermal energy than the system requires to power itself.
https://eng8.energy/technology/External Quote:
In 2022 and 2023, independent validation in Portugal by Electrical Technical Institute of Portugal showed Q2 and 2.4. Another laboratory witnessed twice as much electricity being produced than being used to power the device. This is technically an infinite Q and is capable of self-powering and exporting electricity.
And they are now at a Q=5 with version 6:
A Vox article from 2022 I found has a good simple way of explaining the Q:
External Quote:
In 1997, the National Academy of Sciences established ignition as the goalpost for fusion at NIF. It defined ignition as "gain greater than unity," meaning more energy out of the fuel target than the amount of laser energy hitting it.
So, not as good as ENG8, but more power out than in right? Not quite:External Quote:
As the National Academy of Sciences pointed out, the key metric is the fusion energy gain factor, also called "Q." This is the ratio of the power used to start and maintain a fusion reaction compared to the power produced. A gain of 1 means the reaction has broken even. The latest announcement at NIF shows a gain of roughly 1.5, meaning the reaction has become energy-positive.
And this was being done by the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrance Livermore Lab for the US Department of Energy using the laser and pellet technology. ENG8's technology sounds more like the plasma in a magnetic containment field:External Quote:
But that's only if you define the energy input narrowly to the laser energy hitting the fuel target. If you measure from the total amount of energy needed to charge up and fire the laser, about 300 megajoules, the recent results are still far short. To actually produce more energy from fusion than the laser requires from the power grid, you would need a gain of 100 or more.
https://www.vox.com/recode/23505995/fusion-energy-breakthrough-announcement-ignition-nifExternal Quote:
There are two main approaches: One is to compress a tiny pellet of fuel with powerful lasers, which is NIF's strategy. The other is to heat up plasma to temperatures hotter than the sun and contain it with magnets. This is how ITER, the world's largest fusion project, currently under construction in southern France, will generate the reaction.
However, ENG8's devices can be as small as 1 watt up to 100KW, so how does one contain a ball of plasma heated to the temperature of the sun in such a small device?
Maybe because they're using a Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LEARN) so the plasma doesn't need to be that hot:
https://eng8.energy/faq/External Quote:
EnergiCell, our ground breaking plasma technology, efficiently releases thermal and/or electrical energy directly from the fusion of atomic nuclei, without any harmful emissions. Within the plasma there are very high concentrations of electrons known as condensed plasmoids. The large negative charge of the condensed plasmoids removes the electron shield from the ions, allowing low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) to take place. This large negative charge also prevents highly energetic particles from escaping, instead releasing thermal and electrical energy.
To delve deeper into the science behind our innovation, we invite you to explore the following resources:
George Egely's comprehensive paper Faces of LENR: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part5
Low Energy Nuclear Reaction is a newer term for what is commonly called "cold fusion". To my knowledge, none of the LERN enthusiasts have ever shown a testable and repeatable example of the technology. To my non-physicist mind something is amiss here. LERN is or was, cold fusion and I thought it meant just that, COLD fusion. Fusion taking place on a countertop at room temperature, or close to it. Plasma tends to be hot, sometimes really hot. I have a plasma cutter and I've been trying to learn TIG welding, which passes an electrical charge through an inert gas to create plasma sufficient to melt metal.
Why are they using Low Energy Nuclear Reactions when they have a ball of plasma? Note that they claimed their device output more energy than "the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state". Assuming they achieved this, how are they containing the plasma? How much energy is being used for containment?
I'm speculating that the plasmoids supposedly take care of containing the plasma, with no energy input. Recall from our discussion of Malcom Bendall's Plasmoid energy generator contraption, that these torroid or donut shaped collections of electrons are the source for his over unity device. I thought they may have been made up by Bendall, but there is a Wikipedia entry on "plasmoids", though it's short and vague, which I suspect may be why they are a hot topic in "clean Energy". Bendal's Plasmoids discussed here:
https://www.metabunk.org/threads/cl...f-malcolm-bendall-provides-free-energy.12899/
I did find this layman's explanation on modern-physics.org:
So, plasmoids can create a lot of energy, however:External Quote:
Plasmoids are coherent structures of plasma, magnetically encapsulated, that can form in environments where magnetic reconnection—a process in which magnetic field lines from different magnetic domains are spliced together, releasing a tremendous amount of energy—occurs.
https://modern-physics.org/plasmoid-formation/External Quote:
Another challenge lies in harnessing plasmoids for practical applications, particularly in fusion energy. Achieving stable plasma confinement and sustaining the fusion reaction requires precise control over plasmoid formation and dynamics, a feat that is still beyond current capabilities. Ongoing research in this area focuses on improving magnetic confinement techniques and understanding the conditions under which plasmoids contribute to or detract from the fusion process.
It sounds like plasmoids MAY be used to achieve a sustainable and clean fusion source of energy, but not yet. Unless of course, ENG8 has figured it out.
I did find a paper via Wikipedia, about a proposed energy storage technology called the Electron Spiral Toroid (EST) being developed by Electron Power Sytems Inc, (EPS) back in the '90s. The paper is a review of the claims made for the technology prepared for NASA. Spoiler, the EST didn't work so well. It was similar to a plasmoid, in that it was plasma in a donut:
External Quote:
In the original "published" storing documents [1-8], it is claimed that a "stable" plasma, capable of vast amounts of energy, can be created without the need for external confinement (i.e., "free" ESTs). There is no exact definition of "stable", but indications from the available literature [2,3] suggest lifetimes of the order of years. Since plasmas in laboratories are notoriously short-lived entities, this claim is quite spectacular.
The plasma in the EST is basically contained within a toroidal shell, with the electrons at high velocity in the poloidal direction (i.e., in orbit around the centerline of the torus).
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20010021117/downloads/20010021117.pdf
The reviewers concluded that without containment, this plasma donut would just dissipate. Evidence for the existence of the EST included a photo of some sort:
Which the reviewers commented could be a plasmoid, a neutral plasma structure in the shape of a donut (bold by me):External Quote:The "proof" of the presence of ESTs consists of a picture of a small, luminous ring-like object seen at some distance from the arc. It is not clear whether this is an EST or another more benign structure, since there is no measurement of some of the key characteristics of the EST
Note that plasmoids are neutral, while ENG8 claims theirs have a "large negative charge".External Quote:
For example, plasmoids (neutral plasma structures with toroidal configurations), properties, have often been generated [17] and have demonstrated (relatively) good stability although certainly not on the level claimed in [2-6]. There is also repeated mention of the charge neutrality of the EST, since it is not affected by the electric field. This would then also imply that there is no significant energy storage or magnetic field trapped within the torus, since the two are closely related.
Ultimately, exactly how the ENG8 EnergiCell works is proprietary:
As for validation of the claims, ENG8 offers a few, though mostly as press releases like this one, that generated the article I saw:External Quote:
Are there any peer-reviewed publications on this?
No; because we are a commercial company and wish to keep our internal know-how as confidential as possible until mass deployment.
Or this one:External Quote:
Catalysed fusion specialists at ENG8® International have confirmed the results of the recent independent validation of its EnergiCell®, conducted by world-renowned LENR (low energy nuclear reactions) expert Dr Jean-Paul Biberian. The validation showed that the system can be self-powering and export net electricity.
Dr Jean-Paul Biberian said: "We can consider that the device can operate indefinitely without any external input power."
Dr Biberian was commissioned by an investor to conduct technical due diligence on an EnergiCell. His report concluded: "The technology is capable of sustained operations producing kilowatts of output energy, with a net three times more power output than input."
"ENG8 has a team of competent scientists very focused on plasma physics, and they have good engineers."
EnergiCells fuse hydrogen nuclei producing photons or light as well as directly producing electrons or electricity. They are currently producing electricity on the scale of milliwatts to tens of kilowatts. This power output is suitable for powering devices like phones and laptops, appliances such as ovens and washing machines, and in time, houses, cars and factories.
This one reminds me of Malcolm Bendal's over-unity Plasmoid energy device, in that, his claim is it produces more heat than it should. So, Bendal claims more heat as does ENG8, and back in the day the aforementioned Newman Energy Machine was "validated" with a fiberglass Lamborghini Countach replica with a Newman electric motor and batteries that could drive around slowly for hours on end. None of these guys seem able to just produce a paper showing the total energy input to their devices and the total energy output of said device exceeding the starting number. Having demonstrated that, let others confirm the actual over-unity. Instead, we get "more heat" than was expected or a sideshow with an electric car performing about how an electric car would be expected to perform.External Quote:
An EnergiCell was first independently validated in the UK in December 2020 by Dr. Robert Morgan from Brighton University. The independent validation showed that 1.8x more energy in the form of heat was released than from the electricity used to power the EnergiCell, the Q1.8.
I'm still confused by the whole thing. On one hand it seems to be a LENR, or cold fusion device and on the other it uses high temperature plasma, or plasmoids, to produce sustained fusion. Most of the stuff on the ENG8 website is what I would call branding and maybe brand affirmations. A lot of talk about clean energy, ending poverty, social justice, and making the world a better place for all. There is very little about how their EnergiCell actually works:
But there is a whole tab about investing with testimonials like this, hinting that what's happening may not be all that important:
https://eng8.energy/testimonials/External Quote:
When 350ppm first suggested ENG8 to me as an investment prospect, I nearly dismissed it out of hand, but something made me take a closer look. While the physics of what is actually happening in the plasma is debateable, there is the evidence of measured power inputs and outputs, which clearly show that energy is being produced along with spectrometric measurements of new elements being created in the reaction, which show this a nuclear phenomenon. I figure that mankind used fire for about ten thousand years without knowing what the reactions were that released the energy, so while it will be good to work out what is going on in the plasma, it needn't stop us making use of the phenomenon.
Not sure I'll write a check for ENG8 just yet, but I'm no physicists.