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Understood. Different materials have different properties. A wide flange section of paper is weak than one made from alum or steel. I don't think you can find a material which scaled down behave like the scaled up steel does.

So... scaling down from full size... at what point (how "small") will the model not collapse? Gravity is not scaleable Strength of materials is not scaleable. You would have to select materials of less strength... no? So... Aluminum is weaker than steel... cardboard is weaker than aluminum.

For one you should compare the strengths of columns with the same cross sectional area... and of course the same material. Columns need strength in both the X and Y axes. Box and WF sections accomplish this. I believe WF are more economical to make as they can be rolled. Boxes need to be...

You can't scale structural performance... ie strength of materials.

I believe that you can't use physical scaled models to study the collapse. Strength of materials cannot be scaled. Or... what materials would you use to have the model behave exactly as the full size structure... in some or all aspects/conditions? What is constant is gravity.... that is not...

What aspect don't you understand? The collapse involved "failures" of many "sub systems" which made up the entire structure "scheme". For example... do you accept that any floor has an imposed load under which it will fail? Do you accept the notion that the sub systems... such as the slab...

This is a fool's errand because you cannot scale forces / strengths of materials. How do you scale gravity?

We've been over this before.... you can't scale to a desk top model because gravity, and so forth is not "scalable" Imagine making a very small scale models of autos and crashing them... Would you expect the damage to look like the full scale versions? I think not.

I can't remember but.... has there been a discussion / conclusion concerning whether the twin tower design was more, less or as vulnerable as traditional grid/lattice frames to progressive runaway collapse? I don't see a scenario where an entire floor slab collapses at once. I can envision a...

This is a very clear explanation of how a concentrated (linear) load would destroy the slabs inside the tower.

Typical office floors in the twin towers were all of the same structural capacity and designed for the expected live loads. Design is conservative to some extent and there of course is a "safety factor" in the engineering. But the floors were likely not designed to care multiple floor loads...

It's been sop long... Did the designers/engineers ignore a mechanism to stop a runway failure / collapse? Did they expect damage would/could be limited to a local area? It seems unbelievable that they did not consider what would happen if a single floor collapsed for whatever reason. It...

The plane impacts destroyed multiple columns interrupting the load paths from above. The loads redistributed to intact columns. This likely or could have caused the columns taking on new load to buckle. Collapsing slabs either destroyed the slabs they fell on... initiating a chain reaction...

Steel lost strength from being heated to BELOW the safe working load and buckled.

I am interested in the scale of intelligent life. Would be about human sized? If so, Why If not why not? Is this related to brain size and that's related to body size?

So this raises the questions related to the "amount" of gravity and the "development" of life... into creatures with the body types-features to interact and modify their environment... develop tools and so forth... and an environment with "raw materials" for tool making and so forth.

Seems like some engineers could do a calc. Lower gravity planets seem to be where civilizations could leave to explore "space". And the amount of gravity seems to play a role in development of a civilization... a lot... ain't happenin'

I am curious about the "scale" or size of evolved intelligent beings. Would they be of a size similar to humans? If so, why and if not, why not?

My sense is having a "hand" that can manipulate "materials" / things is essentially to "advancement"... and storing knowledge would be essential... brains, books..PCs and so forth.

I am thinking now that virtually everyone has a smart phone and can take pics and vids with no hassle... we should be seeing more "weird" content including UFOs or whatever they are called these days. And one can expect these oddities to be captured by multiple people from different...